J.L.KAPUR - (1.) THE following Judgment of the court was delivered by
(2.) THESE five appeals pursuant to special leave are directed against the order of the Income-tax Appellate tribunal by which five appeals before, two in regard to Income-tax assessment for 1947-48 and 1948-49 and the other three against Business Profits tax assessment for the three chargeable accounting periods covered by the same amounting periods, were disposed of By this income-tax Officer and by the Appellate Assistant Commissioner the matter was decided in the Income-tax assessment appeal relating to the year of assessment 1947-48. The question in all these appeals is common and it relates to depreciation under S. 1012) (vi) of the Income-tax Act (hereinafter termed the Act). The appellant before us is the? Jogta Coal Company and the respondent, the Commissioner of Income-tax, West Bengal. Appellant company was incorporated 1945. The facts leading up to these appeals are that two brothers E. C. Agabeg and A. A. Agabag were lessees of a coal mine situate in village Jogta in the Jharia coal field area which belonged to the Raja of Jharia. The two brothers installed on the land leased to them plant and machinery and erected buildings and inclines and started working the coal mine. On 10/4/1935 the two brothers constituted themselves into a private limited company called Agabeg Brothers Ltd. On 19-7-1945 Agabeg Brothers Ltd. agreed to transfer to S. K. Bajpai all its right, title and interest in the leasehold property with other mokarari pottahs (perpetual leases) and a decree, which was passed in its favour, together with all appurtenances including houses, huts and other erections belonging to the vendor, all machinery, plant, stores, furniture etc. and "the benefit of the uncompleted balance of all orders and contracts for the supply of coal existing at the date of the completion of the sale.' To this agreement were attached two schedules giving the list of the properties which were to be sold. Rs. 1,00,000.00 were paid as earnest money and the balance was to be paid at the time of the sale. The allocation of the purchase money was this, that out of Rs. 23,00,000.00 Rs. 13,00,000.00 were to be deemed to be paid in respect of the price of the underground and Surface rights and other appurtenances and benefit of the assignment of the balance of uncompleted orders and contracts and Rs. 10,00,000.00 as the value of the machinery, stores, furniture, stocks etc. Another clause of the contract was that the company was to go into voluntary liquidation to give effect to the agreement for sale. There were certain leasehold rights in favour of third parties. Under cl. 12 of the agreement those third parties were to attorn to the appellant on the completion of the sale. On October 15, Agabeg Brothers Ltd., went into voluntary liquidation and two liquidators were appointed. On 28/12/1945 an indenture evidencing the sale in favour of the appellant was executed to which the parties were, the liquidators, debenture-trustees, Bajpai and the appellant - (Jogta Coal Company). By the sale deed all the properties which were agreed to be sold "under the agreement of July 19, were sold to the appellant. The balance of the sale price i. e., Rs. 22,00,000.00, which was remaining due was 1234 paid to the vendors in accordance with the terms of the agreement and acknowledged in the sale deed. The accounting periods were the two years ending 31/12/1946 and 31/12/1947 and the assessment years were 1947-48 and 1948-49. The point in controversy before us is the amount on which the appellant was entitled to calculate deduction allowance for purposes of depreciation under S. 10 (2) (vi) of the Indian Income-tax Act. The Income-tax Officer held that the appellant paid the whole of the price as recited in the deed of sale, that is, Rs. 23,00,000.00 but he was of the opinion that the allocation of till's sum on the different assets as mentioned in the sale deed was not correct and that a portion of the consideration was for the purchase of the goodwill. In his order he said: "The colliery was well established and had its own clientage which the assessee company secures without much effort. For such reasons it is only essential that some part of consideration may be apportioned under the head goodwill". and he estimated the value of the goodwill at Rs. 7,50,000.00 and the rest he valued as follows: JUDGEMENT_1232_AIR(SC)_1959Html1.htm The appellant went in appeal to the Appellate Assistant Commissioner who also accepted the estimate made by the Income-tax Officer and dismissed the appeal. The matter was taken to the Appellate tribunal and in a short order the tribunal held that the consideration paid was Rs. 23,00,000.00 but it put its own estimated value on the different kind of assets which were purchased., It held: "The cost price of the various assets, in the circumstances, has necessarily to be estimated with reference to the prevailing market conditions: JUDGEMENT_1232_AIR(SC)_1959Html2.htm Against this order the appellant applied for a reference to be made to the High court under S. 66 (1) of the Income-tax Act but the tribunal was of the opinion that no question of law arose and dismissed the application. The appellant then applied to the High court under S. 66 (2) and raised seven questions of law. The High court held that the case did not fall under S. 66 (2) of the Act and therefore the tribunal could not be directed to make a reference and it discharged the rule. As stated above the tribunal decided all the appeals of the appellant by one order. Five appeals have therefore been brought in this court by special leave, and the question involved in all the appeals is what is the amount on which the depreciation under S. 10 (2) (vi) of the Act is to be calculated. Counsel for the appellant contended that once it was accepted by the tribunal that the total value of the lands, buildings, shafts and inclines was Rs. 13 lacs and Rs. 23 lacs had actually been paid it was not open to the Income-tax authorities or the Appellate tribunal to vary the amount paid by the appellant as the price of plant and machinery and to hold that Rs. 10 lacs included the price of another asset also. He conceded that it was open to the Appellate tribunal to hold that the amount stated to have been paid was fictitious and that something less than Rs. 23 lacs was as a matter of fact paid but it was contended that the tribunal had no jurisdiction to hold that although the amount was actually paid, it was not the price of the assets purchased by the appellant but was paid for something else also. In the contract to sell and in the final sale deed there is no mention of the sale of any goodwill. The amount of Rs. 10 lacs is shown in the contract of sale as the value of machinery, stores, furniture, fittings etc. In the sale deed the same is made clear, that is, Rs. 13 lacs were deemed to be paid in respect of underground and surface rights, other appurtenances and the assignment of the balance of the uncompleted orders and contracts and Rs. 10 lacs were deemed to be the value of machinery etc. There is no mention of the sale of goodwill in the sale deed itself. Goodwill has been described as "the benefit arising from connection and reputation which includes the probability of the old customers going to the new firm' which has acquired the business; but this last phrase is not of itself adequate. That which the purchaser of a goodwill actually acquires, as between himself and his vendor, is the right to carry on the same business under the old name with such addition or qualification, if any, as may be necessary for the protection of the vendor from liability or exposure to litigation under the doctrine of "holding out" and to represent himself to 1235 former customers as the successor to that business". There is no doubt that there is no specific mention of the sale of goodwill in the sale deed but counsel for the respondent submitted that in the resolution for liquidation which was passed by Agabeg Brothers Ltd., on 15/10/1945, the sale of Jogta Colliery was mentioned. The resolution was: "That the sale of Jogta Colliery for Rs. 23 lacs be and the same is hereby approved" and therefore what was sold to the appellant was amongst other things the goodwill. Goodwill is a commercial term and is well understood in business and is an asset which is capable of valuation. In the sale deed it is not mentioned as such. This raises two questions (i) was the amount of Rs'. 10 lacs paid by the appellant only for the asset which he purports to have purchased or was it for something else also (ii) Is it open to the tribunal to disregard the price which the appellant actually paid for the assets he purchased as evidenced by the sale deed and hold that this price although paid was not for those assets only but also included another asset.
(3.) IT was contended that it is a question of law as to whether the tribunal has jurisdiction to go into the question and reduce the price which the appellant is proved to have paid and say that the price paid was not only for the asset purchased but also for something else. In other words is it within the jurisdiction of the tribunal to conjecture as to what should be the cost of the asset to the assessee. The section of the Income-tax Act which applies for the purpose of depreciation and which is the subjectmatter of discussion in this appeal is S. 10 (2) (vi) which is as follows: S.10 (2) "Such profits or gains shall be computed after making the following allowances, namely: (vi) in respect of depreciation of such buildings, machinery, plant or furniture being the property of the assessee, a sum equivalent (where the assets are ships other than ships ordinarily plying on inland waters) to such percentage on the original cost thereof to the assessee as may in any case or class of cases 'be prescribed (and in any other case, to such percentage on the written down value thee of as in any case or class of cases be prescribed. The words which require to be considered are .................... "on the original cost thereof to the assessee . . . . . . . " It has been held by the Privy council in Commissioner of Income-tax v. Buckingham and Carnatic Co. Ltd., 63 Ind App 74: (AIR 1936 PC 5), that the word assessee in S. 10 (2) (vi) refers to the person who owns the property in question and who is being assessed and not the predecessor and depreciation allowance is to be based on the original cost of such property to such person (i. e. assessee) and therefore the cost to be considered for the purpose of calculating the depreciation allowance is the original cost of the purchaser who is being assessed and not the written down value to his predecessor. We do not think that there is any doubt on the wording of the section or on the interpretation that has been put upon those words that the cost to be calculated for the purpose of depreciation allowance is the cost to the assessee and not to the person who makes the sale but still the question remains whether the Appellate tribunal lias the jurisdiction to hold that what the appellant has actually paid as the price of a particular asset is not its real price and the price paid includes the price of some other asset which must have been purchased. Counsel for the appellant referred to Craddock v. Zevo Finance Co. Ltd., 1944-1 All ER 566, where it was held that in determining the profits made by the company the correct figure of cases of investments made by the company is not the market value of the goods but the actual price paid by the company. This matter was taken to the House of Lords by the Revenue but the appeal was dismissed. It does not appear from the report as to the reasons for it: See Craddock v. Zevo Finance Co. Ltd., 1946-1 All ER 523. In Konstams Income Tax 12 Ed. para. 126 the law is stated thus: "If a finance company acquires securities by purchase, the initial figure at which these should be entered for the calculation of profits is not their estimated market value at any given date, but their cost." ;