Untwalia, J. - (1.) These two appeals by special leave have been heard together as they originate from a common dispute between the parties. They are being disposed of by a common judgment and order.
(2.) To provide for the regulation of mines and the development of minerals under the control of the Union of India. The Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957, Central Act 67 of 1957 - hereinafter referred to as the Act, was passed. In Section 3 of the Act clause (a) says; "'minerals' include all minerals except mineral oils". Clause (e) provides: "'minor minerals' means building stones, gravel, ordinary clay, ordinary sand other than sand used for prescribed purposes, and any other minerals which the Central Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, declare to be a minor mineral;" For the sake of convenience and to distinguish minor minerals from minerals, the minerals are generally called major minerals and will be described as such hereinafter in this judgment. Provisions of Sections 4 to 13 are applicable to the grant of any prospecting licence or a mining lease for a major mineral. In exercise of the power under Section 13, the Central Government made the Mineral Concession Rules, 1960 - hereinafter called the Central Rules. The State Government was authorised by Section 15 of the Act to make Rules for regulating the grant of prospecting licences (now quarry leases) and mining leases in respect of minor minerals. The Government of Madhya Pradesh in exercise of the said power made the Madhya Pradesh Minor Mineral Rules, 1961 - hereinafter called the State Rules. In clause (iii) of Rule 2 'quarry lease' was stated to mean a mining lease for minor minerals.
(3.) Limestone is found in abundance in the State of Madhya Pradesh. The Central Government issued a notification dated the 1st June, 1958 in exercise of the powers conferred on them by clause (e) of Section 3 of the Act declaring "limestone used for lime burning" as a minor mineral. By a subsequent notification dated the 20th September, 1961 the description of the limestone as a minor mineral was changed and only "limestone used in kilns for manufacture of lime used as building material" was declared as a minor mineral. The power to grant a quarry lease for limestone as a minor mineral or a mining lease for limestone as a major mineral rested in the State Government - the former under the State Rules and the latter under the Central Rules. Applicants had to apply to the State Government in the respective forms prescribed in the two Rules.;