- (1.) The question that arises for decision in these appeals is whether a Hindu deity is an "individual" within the meaning of that word under the provisions of the Indian Income-tax Act, 1922. It arises out of the judgment of the High Court of Calcutta in a number of references under Section 66 (1) of the Act. The facts necessary for the decision, in a short compass, are these: In the year 1820 one Smt. Chitra Dassi executed an Ekrarnama making a gift of a piece of land for religious purposes. In 1842 she executed a writ referring to the fact that she had earlier made the property debutter directed her four sons, the executors, to perform the daily service of Sri Radhagobindjee. She died in 1855. In 1876 a suit was filed in the Calcutta High Court praying that the trust should be administered by the Court and a scheme prepared. Subsequently, there were a number of applications made from time to time and a number of orders were also made on them. In 1929 a scheme of administration was framed and a little later the Official Trustee of Bengal was appointed to be the trustee of the said debutter estate. After the official trustee took possession of the properties he was assessed in respect of the income of the debutter estate in the status of an "individual" under Section 41 of the Act. In respect of the assessment years 1939-40 to 1942-43 a reference was made under Section 68(2) of the Act. A Bench of the Calcutta High Court held that upon a proper construction of the scheme sanctioned and orders passed by the High Court the property should be held to be a religious trust. The matter again went up to the High Court in respect of the assessment years 1943-44 to 1951-52. Three questions finally came to be considered by the High Court: Q.1. Whether upon a proper construction of the relevant documents executed by Smt. Chitra Dassi and the relevant schemes sanctioned and orders passed by the High Court, there was a trust in favour of the deity or whether there was a dedication of the properties to the Diety Q.2. Alternatively, if the dedication to the Thakur constitutes trust, is if a religious trust which did not ensure to the benefit of the public Q.3. Is the Thakur Radha Gobinda Jee liable to assessment under the Indian Income-tax Act On question No.1 the High Court held that upon a proper construction of the relevant documents executed by Chitra Dassi and the relevant schemes sanctioned and ordes passed by the High Court there was a dedication of the properties to the deity, but that there was no trust in the technical sense, that is to say, as understood in the English law. In respect of the first part of the 2nd question both parties before the High Court agreed that in that question, the word "trust" did not mean a trust in the technical or the English sense. The High Court pointed out that it has been held that a dedication is a trust in the general sense within the meaning of the expression as used in Sections 4, 40 and 41 of the Income-tax Act and the word "trust" can be applied to Hindu endowments. On the second part of the question it was held that the endowment is a private religious trust and the documents creating it or confirming it grant no benefit to the Calcutta High Court by which certain directions were given for feeding the poor, were the only instance in which a benefit enured to the public. As regards the 3rd question the High Court elaborately discussed whether the deity could be held to be an "individual" and held that the deity was liable to assessment under the Income-tax Act.
(2.) Before this Court the only point argued was whether the High Court was right in coming to the conclusion that the deity is an "individual". When the High Court dealt with this question it did not have the benefit of the decision of this Court in Jogendra NathNaskar v. Commr. of Income-tax, (1969) 74 ITR 33 = (AIR 1969 SC 1089) wherein it was held that a Hindu deity falls within the meaning of the word "individual" in Section 3 and can be treated as a unit of assessment. Mr. Chatterjee arguing for the appellant urged that decision was wrong and should be reconsidered. We find ourselves in entire agreement with the decision of this Court referred to above. We shall, however state our reasons within a short compass.
(3.) It was conceded before us on behalf of the appellant that if the word used had been a "person" instead of an "individual" the deity would be a person because a person will include a juristic person. That a Hindu deity is a juristic person is a well established proposition and has been so for a long time. In Maharanee Shibessouree Debia v. Mothooranath Acharjo, (1869) 13 Moo Ind App 270 (PC) it was observed : "The Talook itself, with which these jummas were connected by tenure, was dedicated to the religious services of the Idol. The rents constituted, therefore, in legal contemplation, its property. The Sahabit had not the legal property, but only the title of Manager of a religious endowment." In Prosunno Kumari Debya v. Golab Chand Baboo, (1875) 2 Ind App 145 the above observations were cited with approval. In Manohar Ganesh v. Lakhmiram, (1887) ILR 12 Bom 247 a Division Bench of the Bombay High observed: "The Hindu law, like the Roman law and those derived from it, recognises, not only corporate bodies with rights of property vested in the corporation apart fromits individual members, but also the juridical persons or subjects called foundations...It is consistent with the grants having been made to the juridical person symbolized or personified in th idol..." The Madras High Court in Vidyapurna Tirtha Swami v. Vidyanidhi Tirtha Swami, (1904) ILR 27 Mad 435 expressed the view: "It is to give due effect to such a sentiment widepread and deep rooted as it has always been, with reference to something not capable of holding property as a natural person, that the laws of most countries have sanctioned, the creation of a fictitious person in the matter, as is implied in the felicitous observation made in the work already cited : 'Perhaps the oldest of all juristic persons is the God, hero or the saint". In Pramatha Nath Mullick v. Pradumma Kumar Mullick, (1925) 52 Ind App 245 = (AIR 1925 PC 139) the Privy Council observed: "A Hindu idol is, according to long established authority, founded upon the religious customs of the Hindus, and the recognition thereof by courts of law, a "juristic entity". It has a juridical status with the power of suing and being used. Its interests are attended to by the person who has the deity in his charge and who is in law its manager with all the powers which would, in such circumstances, on anology, be given to the manager of the estate of an infant heir. It is unnecessary to quote the authorities: for this doctrine, thus simply stated, is firmly established." The authorities thus amply establish that a Hindu deity is a jurisdic person capable of holding property.;