Dua, J. - (1.) This appeal by special leave is directed against the judgment and order of a learned Single Judge of the Allahabad High Court dated October 6, 1969 dismissing the appellant's revision from the order of a II Temporary Sessions Judge, Kanpur dated November 8, 1967 dismissing his appeal from his conviction by a learned Magistrate under Sections 384/511, I.P.C. and sentence of rigorous imprisonment for one Year.
(2.) On August 15, 1964, Mannu. a boy about 5 years old, was found missing from the house of the appellant's relation Shri Gajendra Nath (P.W. 19) an Excise Inspector, residing in Mohalla Ashok Nagar, Kanpur within the jurisdiction of police station Sisamau. The following day a report was lodged at the police station Sisamau about this fact and a notice was also published in the newspapers and handbills were distributed announcing a reward of Rupees 501/- for anyone who furnished the clue of the missing child's whereabouts. A post-card (Ext Ka-1) bearing post office seals dated 21-8-1964 and later an inland letter (Ext. Ka-2) bearing the date October 21, 1954 were received by Gajendra Nath demanding in the first letter a ransom of Rs. 1,000/-, and in the second a ransom of Rs. 5,000/-for the return of the boy. In December, 1964, a trainee of the local I.T.I., Kanpur, Yashpal Singh by name, after reading the announcement of the reward made attempts to trace the whereabouts of the missing child. Having, found a clue, he gave the necessary information to the father of the child regarding his whereabouts. Thereupon, on January 11, 1965 the child was recovered by Rahasbehari, the grandfather of the child, from the house of Ganga Bux Singh and Chandrabhushan Singh in village Pandeypur District Kanpur. The investigation of the case revealed that the appellant, Ram Narain, was also responsible for kidnapping and wrongfully confining the said child and that it was he who had sent the two anonymous letters (Exts, Ka-1 and Ka-2) demanding ransom. All the three persons were prosecuted under Sections 363. 368 and 384/511, I.P.C. The trial Court convicted Ganga Bux Singh and Chandrabhushan Singh under Section 368, I.P.C. and Ram Narain appellant under Sections 384/511. I.P.C. On appeals by the convicted persons, the learned II Temporary Sessions Judge, Kanpur, came to the conclusion that the offence under Section 368, I.P.C. had not been established beyond reasonable doubt with the result that Ganga Bux Singh and Chandrabhushan were acquitted. The appellant Ram Narain's conviction for an offence under Sections 384/511, I. P. C. was, however, upheld. This conviction was solely based on the conclusion that the two anonymous letters had been written by him. The appellant having categorically denied his authorship of those letters, Shri R. A. Gregory a handwriting expert was produced in support of the prosecution case. Believing his testimony that the appellant was the writer of those two letters all the three courts below have agreed in convicting the appellant.
(3.) The short question raised before us relates to the legality and propriety of the appellant's conviction on the uncorroborated testimony of the handwriting expert. The High Court relied in support of the appellant's conviction on the decision of this Court in Fakhruddin v. State of Madhya Pradesh, (AIR 1967 SC 1326) in which after referring to four of its earlier decisions in (i) Ram Chandra v. State of U. P (AIR 1957 SC 381) (ii) Ishwari Prasad Misra v. Mohammad Isa (AIR 1963 SC 1728) (iii) Shashi Kumar Banerjee v. Subodh Kumar Banerjee (AIR 1964 SC 529) (iv) State of Gujarat v. Vinaya Chandra Chhotalal Patni (1967) 1 SCR 249 this Court rejected the contention that the Court dealing with the authorship of a writing could not observe for itself the similarity and differences between the admitted and the disputed handwritings to verify whether or not the conclusions of the handwriting expert were proper. Then after referring to Sections 45, 47 and 73 of the Indian Evidence Act. this Court observed:- " Both under Section 45 and Section 47 the evidence is an opinion, in the former by a scientific comparison and in the latter on the basis of familiarity resulting from frequent observations and experience. In either case the Court must satisfy itself by such means as are open that the opinion may be acted upon. One such means open to the Court is to apply its own observation to the admitted or proved writings and to compare them with the disputed one, not to become an handwriting expert but to verify the premises of the expert in the one case and to appraise the value of the opinion in the other case. This comparison depends on an analysis of the characteristics in the admitted or proved writings and the finding of the same characteristics in large measure in the disputed writings. In this way the opinion of the deponent whether expert or other is subjected to scrutiny and although relevant to start with becomes probative. Where an expert's opinion is given, the Court must see for itself and with the assistance of the expert come to its own conclusion whether it can safely be held that the two writings are by the same person. This is not to say that the Court must play the role of an expert but to say that the Court may accept the fact proved only when it has satisfied itself on its own observation that it is safe to accept the opinion whether of the expert or other witness. Therefore, to satisfy ourselves whether this testimony of the handwriting expert is acceptable or not, we sent for the record and compared the disputed writings with some comparable material. There were two such writings which were claimed as standard. One was a register maintained at the office of the Association in which there was a signature in three places in Hindi which purported to be that of Fakhruddin (Exhibit P-56). The other was a writing which Fakhruddin made to the dictation of the Police Officer in Jail (Ex. P-61). These were, of course, not admitted by Fakhruddin and the question had to be first decided which of the two or both could be said to be approved standard material. Mr. Kohli argued that Ex. P-56 could not be so treated as there was no proof that the signatures were made by Fakhruddin. In this submission Mr. Kohli is right. The evidence of Tahir Ali, P.W. 14 which has been relied upon is not definite on this point. He does not say that the signatures were of Fakhruddin who was the accused in the case. He only says that the persons whose signatures were made in the register, signed it and this leaves the matter at large. There is, however, proof that the other writing was made by Fakhruddin the appellant. The Sub-Inspector, P. W. 33 took the precaution of having two witnesses P.Ws. Nos. 16 and 27. Of these P.W. 16 did not identify the appellant as the writer but the other P.W. 27 did. Exhibit P-61, therefore, furnishes the necessary comparative material." According to the appellant's learned counsel, the High Court has not properly understood the principle of law laid down by this Court in its various decisions. Our attention was invited to Chhota Lal Patni's case (supra) where it is observed:- " A Court is competent to compare the disputed writing of a person with others which are admitted or proved to be his writings. It may not be safe for a Court to record a finding about a person's writing in a certain document merely on the basis of comparison, but a Court can itself compare the writings in order to appreciate properly the other evidence produced before it in that regard. The opinion of a handwriting expert is also relevant in view of Section 45 of the Evidence Act, but that too is not conclusive. It has also been held that the sole evidence of a handwriting expert is not normally sufficient for recording a definite finding about the writing being of a certain person or not. It follows that it is not essential that the handwriting expert must be examined in a case to prove or disprove the disputed writing. It was therefore not right for the learned Judge to consider it unsafe to rely upon the evidence of the complainant in a case like this, i.e., in a case in which no handwriting expert had been examined in support of his statement." It was emphasised by the appellant's learned counsel that according to this decision it is not safe to record a finding about a person's writing merely on the basis of comparison because the opinion of a handwriting expert is not conclusive and his evidence is normally insufficient for recording a definite finding about the writing being of a certain person or not. Indeed the appellant's contention was that in Fakhruddin's case (supra) though reference was made to this decision, its ratio was not properly appreciated and the decision in Fakhruddin (supra) is not in conformity with this earlier decision. We are unable to agree with this submission. Reference was also made by the appellant's counsel to Shashi Kumar (supra) where it is observed that the expert evidence as to handwriting is opinion evidence and it can rarely, if ever, take the place of substantive evidence and therefore before acting on it the courts usually look for corroboration either by direct or circumstantial evidence. In Shashi Kumar (supra), it may be pointed out, this Court found all the probabilities against the expert opinion and the direct testimony of two witnesses accepted by this Court also wholly inconsistent with that opinion.;