- (1.) Unlike natural calamities that are beyond human control, avoidable disasters resulting from human error/negligence prove more tragic and completely imbalance the inter-generational equity and cause irretrievable damage to the health and environment for generations to come. Such tragedy may occur from pure negligence, contributory negligence or even failure to take necessary precautions in carrying on certain industrial activities. More often than not, the affected parties have to face avoidable damage and adversity that results from such disasters. The magnitude and extent of adverse impact on the financial soundness, social health and upbringing of younger generation, including progenies, may have been beyond human expectations. In such situations and where the laws are silent or are inadequate, the courts have unexceptionally stepped in to bridge the gaps, to provide for appropriate directions and guidelines to ensure that fundamentals of Article 21 of the Constitution of India (for short "the Constitution") are not violated.
(2.) The Bhopal Gas Tragedy is a glaring example of such imbalances and adverse impacts, where by court's intervention, poor and destitute have been provided relief and rehabilitation.
(3.) The Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster occurred on the intervening night of the 2nd/3rd of December, 1984. Data reflecting the exact number of affected persons was not available initially. Earlier, it was felt that only a small number of persons were adversely affected in terms of health or otherwise by the leakage of toxic gases from the Union Carbide Unit at Bhopal. However, the Scientific Commission for Continuing Studies on Effects of Bhopal Gas Leakage on Life Systems (for short the 'Scientific Commission') released a Report titled 'The Bhopal Gas Disaster: Effects on Life Systems' in July, 1987 which suggested otherwise. This Report stated that for the estimated population of 2,00,000 exposed to the toxic gases in the severely and moderately affected areas of Bhopal and the variety of long-term problems anticipated in the crisis period, the number of exposees covered so far by the Indian Council of Medical Research (for short the 'ICMR') through the epidemiological surveys constitute less than 20 per cent of the population. With the passage of time, this figure of the affected population has swollen to nearly 5,00,000. By the same Scientific Commission, it was also found that in general, the output of the epidemiological project so far had not equalled the magnitude of the tasks assigned to them, presumably due to lack of resources, trained staff as well as physical inputs. An opportunity for mounting such a massive long- term longitudinal study on a population exposed to a one-time acute chemical stress may not present itself again and hence it would be a pity if that opportunity was missed. Various steps were recommended by the Scientific Commission, from time to time, to tackle the two main aspects of this disaster. Firstly, health care of the affected victims and secondly, research work with the object to deal with the acute problems arising from this disaster on the one hand and to suggest preventive steps on the other.;